Could Nasa Nuke Planet X To Save Earth Or Is It Too Late?

 According to crazy conspiracy theorists, who believe the mythical planet will appear within the skies on Saturday, NASA should be looking to wipe out Nibiru with a W.M.D. to avoid wasting Earth from death and destruction. Planet X believers claim the massive planet, also referred to as Planet X, will pass Earth at four million miles away in October, but the vast size of it'll cause our poles to modify and large seismic activity thanks to the gravity.

And Christian theorists claim the arrival of Nibiru from Saturday, September 23 indicates The Rapture is on the point of start before the Second Coming of Christ.


NASA has reassured us Nibiru could be a massive online hoax, however, many conspiracy theorists continue claiming a large hide is underway and world leaders are preparing to cover away in bunkers while the remainder folks perish.

Some have even outlandishly claimed online that NASA should be looking to “nuke” Nibiru before it gets here.

One online forum user posted: “Isn’t this planet X presupposed to be amazingly large?

“I say, if that planet comes around we declare war on those technology hoarding a** wipes. I put forth a motion to nuke the **** out of this Planet X. Put this in your sig if you're in agreement.”

But if Earth were faced with the threat of a rogue planet passing, could Nasa actually send nuclear warheads into space to enlarge Nibiru to avoid the catastrophe or would the mission be in vain?

Firstly, the US space agency says it'll NOT take any action because it's dismissed Nibiru as a hoax.

Nasa scientist Dr David Morrison said: “Nibiru isn’t real, Planet X isn’t real. We shouldn’t worry about this hoax.”

Dr Morrison added: “There is not any credible evidence whatever for the existence of Nibiru. There aren't any pictures, no tracking, no astronomical observations.

“I can quite specifically say how we all know Planet X or Nibiru doesn't exist and doesn't threaten the planet.”

Secondly, Nasa doesn't yet have the technology.

The Nasa Near-Earth Object defence programme (NEOWISE) has yet to check any theoretical way of coping with even an oversized asteroid that threatened the planet, let alone a rogue planet if one existed.

And, there's not expected to be any useable system in situ for a minimum of the following 100 years. To add to the current, two out of three of Nasa’s proposed deflection strategies, firing nuclear bombs at an asteroid heading towards Earth, or trying to alter its course using the gravitational attraction of an area craft, wouldn't work in step with a panel of experts from campaign group World Asteroid Day.

It is believed that hitting a serious asteroid with a nuclear bomb would simply cause it to blow into smaller fragments that may precipitate on earth, increasing the realm of impact.

Scientists also fear we might not have a spaceship large enough to knock even an enormous asteroid after all if it had been heading to earth, so there's little that would be done to affect the trail of a planet.

Nasa itself believes it should be possible to destroy one if it absolutely was far enough away when the warhead struck.

They have been investigating a way to use nuclear bombs to deflect comets, asteroids and meteors.

But Nasa is confident it still has time to develop its deflection strategy.

Nasa scientist Jason Kessler, who runs the ‘near-Earth” asteroid programme, said: “The likelihood of something hitting us within the future is pretty guaranteed, although we’re not freaking out that there's an imminent threat.”

The US space agency is confident there are not any large asteroids on the right track for Earth anything soon.

A Nasa spokesman said: “Nasa knows of no asteroid or comet currently on a collision course with Earth, therefore the probability of a significant collision is kind of small.

“In fact, as best as we will tell, no large object is probably going to strike the planet any time within the next several hundred years.”

But online forums are awash with debate about Nibiru.

YouTube by Sky-Watcher Matt Rogers, a conspiracy theorist who scours the sky for evidence of Nibiru claims in an exceedingly new video that world leaders know Nibiru is coming, and that we are all doomed, but they're keeping it from the general public to forestall panic, as they wait to cover in underground bunkers.

Mr Rogers, who is predicated within the UK, said: “NASA has covered it up. the govt shut it all the way down to prevent mass panic, but it's coming, this is often a fact.”

There is, of course, no evidence to copy his claims.

Interactive Map Shows Where You'd Pop Up If You Dug Straight Through The Earth

 In most countries, people have a belief about where they'd find themselves if they dug their way through the middle of the planet and popped abreast of the opposite side. For people within the USA, they think it’s China. For people within the UK, they think it’s Australia. Australians think it's somewhere in Europe and hope it isn't the united kingdom because the weather is just too terrible there.


But prepare to readjust your childhood belief, as this interactive map will show you where you'd really find yourself if you were to dig your way through the world and somehow aren't getting burned to death by the core, or crushed by the extraordinary pressure. If you're within the UK, sorry, don't pack a hat with corks on. One, it's offensive, and two, you are going to finish up within the ocean just off the south-east coast of recent Zealand, not Australia like you have been taught. 

In fact, there aren't many places in Europe it's safe to dig down from. Most European countries lead straight to the ocean. the sole really safe place you'll visit from Europe by digging your way down is central Spain.


And where would you finish up if you travel from the USA? You guessed it. You're also ending up within the sea. The closest place we are able to find where you'd find yourself near actual terra firma is near Fort McMurray in Canada, which places you on one among the Heard Island and McDonald Islands. You can try the map for yourself here, and enter your location to search out out your antipode point.



So before you are trying and dig your way through the world sort of a supervillain or a crazed mole, take a glance at the map and see where you'll find yourself. you would like to be dressed appropriately upon arrival.

NASA confirms there is water on the moon that astronauts could use

 Water on the moon could also be more abundant and accessible than previously thought, which may be excellent news for future astronauts.

Paul Hayne at the University of Colorado, Boulder, and his team used camera images and temperature measurements taken by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter to map cold, permanently shadowed regions on the moon, which are thought to be the places possibly to contain ice because of their lack of exposure to sunlight.


While there has been any evidence for the presence of water on the moon, these “cold traps” were previously thought to be restricted to deep, kilometers-wide craters. However, the team found that there are micro-cold traps – areas at the meter and millimeter-scale that are permanently shadowed and then could contain more accessible ice. Altogether, the researchers estimate that cold traps occupy about 40,000 square kilometers or roughly 0.1 percent of the moon’s surface.


“We’re seeing billions and billions of those cold traps at scales that haven’t been seen before,” says Hayne. “That presents a chance to extract ice rather more readily. we predict this is often revolutionary in terms of what is going to be possible for astronauts on the moon.”


A separate study has additionally confirmed the presence of water ice (H2O) instead of hydroxyl (OH), which previous observations were unable to tell apart between. Casey Honniball at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland and her colleagues used the agency’s SOFIA telescope, which is mounted on a plane to induce a clearer view through Earth’s atmosphere, to identify a spectral signature that's unique to water. “I screamed in excitement,” says Hannibal.


Hannibal says the readings are in keeping with the presence of individual water molecules incorporated in grains within the lunar surface. “This type of water is predicted to be widespread on the surface,” she says.


“Water is central to human life but is pricey to start space,” says Hannibal. “Finding water on the moon may mean we will utilize the water that's there versus bringing the water with us.”


But it still isn’t clear how stable water during this form is over long periods, says William Bottke at the Southwest Research Institute in Colorado. “Astronauts may additionally have great difficulty extracting this water,” he says. “For example, to replenish a bottle, the astronauts might process thousands of kilograms of rocks.”

Ancient ice beneath the surface of comet 67P is softer than candyfloss

 When the EU Space Agency’s Philae lander arrived on the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko – also called comet 67P – it bounced twice before reaching its final resting place. Now researchers have found the placement of the second bounce, which exposed the strange ice beneath the comet’s surface.

The Philae lander was carried to 67P aboard the Rosetta orbiter, which launched in 2004 and fell upon the comet in 2014. When Philae was dropped to the surface, the harpoons designed to carry it in situ didn’t fire, therefore the lander bounced. the situation of the primary bounce and therefore the lander’s final resting place were both found, but we didn’t know where the second bounce materialized until now.

“I think it’s one in all the foremost positive things that happened on the mission, that it bounced because we managed to induce science from three locations on the comet,” says Laurence O’Rourke, a member of ESA’s Rosetta team. O’Rourke and his colleagues found the second bounce site by analyzing pictures from Rosetta taken before and after Philae’s landing.

They found a bright streak across a pair of boulders during a region that O’Rourke nicknamed “skull-top ridge” due to its resemblance to a skull in a number of the pictures. “It was sort of a chainsaw sliced through the ice,” he says. Philae appears to own bounced between the boulders, producing four slashes that exposed the primitive ice beneath the comet’s surface layer of dust.

Analyzing those gashes allowed the researchers to calculate the strength of the ice, which they found is weaker than candyfloss. “This ice that’s 4.5 billion years old is as soft because the foam that’s on top of your cappuccino, it’s as soft as sea foam on the beach, it’s softer than the softest snow after a snowstorm,” says O’Rourke.

Knowing that a number of the comet’s ice is so soft could help future landers find a safer place to touch down on 67P or other comets prefers it, he says. It could even be important for understanding a way to protect Earth should a comet ever head our way. “You cannot just hit it with an object and expect it to maneuver or disintegrate,” says O’Rourke. “It would be like punching a cloud.”

'Weird' Molecule Detected on Titan Has Never Been Found in Any Atmosphere

 Titan, the already pretty weird moon of Saturn, just got a touch bit weirder. Astronomers have detected Cyclopropenylidene (C3H2) in its atmosphere - a particularly rare carbon-based molecule that's so reactive, it can only exist on Earth in laboratory conditions.

In fact, it is so rare that it's never before been detected in an environment, within the system, or elsewhere. the sole another place it can remain stable is that the cold innocent of the part. But it's going to be a building block for more complex organic molecules that would someday cause life.

"We think about Titan as a real-life laboratory where we are able to see similar chemistry thereto of ancient Earth when life was control here," said astrobiologist Melissa Trainer of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, one in every one of the chief scientists set to research the moon within the upcoming Dragonfly mission launching in 2027.

"We'll be trying to find bigger molecules than C3H2, but we want to grasp what's happening within the atmosphere to know the chemical reactions that lead complex organic molecules to create and precipitate to the surface."

Cyclopropenylidene – which even NASA researchers describe as a "very weird little molecule" – doesn't tend to last long in atmospheric conditions, because it reacts very quickly and simply with other molecules, forming other compounds.

Once it does so, it's not Cyclopropenylidene. In the region, any gas or dust is typically very cold, and really diffuse, which suggests compounds aren't interacting much, and Cyclopropenylidene can lallygag around.

Titan is incredibly different from the part. It's a variety of soggy, with hydrocarbon lakes, hydrocarbon clouds, and a predominantly nitrogen atmosphere, with a small amount of methane. The atmosphere is fourfold thicker than Earth's atmosphere (which is additionally dominated by nitrogen). Under the surface, scientists think there is a huge ocean of saltwater.

In 2016, a team led by planetary scientist Conor Nixon of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Centre used the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile to probe the moon's atmosphere, searching for organic molecules.

It was within the tenuous upper atmosphere, high above the surface, where they detected an unknown chemical signature. By comparing it to a database of chemical profiles, the team identified the molecule as Cyclopropenylidene. It's likely that the thinness of the atmosphere at that altitude contributes to the molecule's survival, but why it appears on Titan and no other world may be a mystery.


"When I realized i used to be observing Cyclopropenylidene, my first thought was, 'Well, this can be really unexpected,'" Nixon said. "Titan is exclusive in our scheme. it's proved to be a treasure trove of recent molecules."

Cyclopropenylidene is of particular interest because it's what's called a hoop molecule; its three carbon atoms are linked together during a ring (well, a triangle, but the principle is that the same). Although Cyclopropenylidene itself isn't known to play a biological role, the nucleobases of DNA and RNA are supported by such molecular rings.

"The cyclic nature of the release this extra branch of chemistry that enables you to make these biologically important molecules," said astrobiologist Alexander Thelen of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Centre.

The smaller the molecule, the more potential it's - reactions involving smaller molecules with fewer bonds are expected to happen faster than reactions involving larger, more complicated molecules. which means reactions involving smaller molecules, purely through numbers, are expected to end in a more diverse range of outcomes.

Previously, benzene (C6H6) was thought to be the tiniest hydrocarbon ring molecule found in any atmosphere (including Titan's). Cyclopropenylidene has it beat.

Titan is already a hive of organic chemical activity. The nitrogen and methane split within the sunlight, triggering a cascade of chemical reactions. Whether those reactions could end in life could be a question scientists are dying to answer.

"We're trying to work out if Titan is habitable," said geologist Rosaly Lopes of NASA's reaction propulsion Laboratory. "So we wish to grasp what compounds from the atmosphere get to the surface, and then, whether that material can get through the ice crust to the ocean below because we predict the ocean is where the habitable conditions are."

Working out which compounds are present within the atmosphere could be an important step in this research process. Cyclopropenylidene could also be small, and strange, but this extremely rare molecule can be a key piece of the Titan chemistry puzzle. Now we just need to determine how it fits in.

Exercise May Inhibit Cancer by Fuelling The Immune System, Study in Mice Suggests

 Exercise might prevent some sorts of cancer from growing and spreading, and while scientists still aren't sure why that's, new research on mice offers a possible explanation.

After intense physical activity, elevated levels of certain metabolites, like lactate, maybe 'feeding' important immune cells in our blood. The results are mainly supported experiments with mice, but preliminary tests in male humans suggest an identical mechanism may be at play.

"Our research shows that exercise affects the assembly of several molecules and metabolites that activate cancer-fighting immune cells and thereby inhibit cancer growth," says Helene Rundqvist, a cancer researcher at the Karolinska Institutet in Sweden.

Past research has shown that exercise is linked to a rather lower risk of tumours within the bladder, breast, colon, kidney and stomach and that we have strong clinical evidence that physical movement can help some patients cope and recover. it would even extend their life.

Further research on animals has shown similar results, with regular exertion somehow reducing the expansion of malignant tumours.

Still, the underlying mechanism behind this relationship has remained elusive. The cancer-fighting benefits of exercise could have something to try and do with changes during a person's weight, their hormones, or their system.

The new research investigates the latter possibility. Dividing cancerous mice into two groups - one with access to a spinning machine, and another with no type of physical activity - researchers found that the mice that often exercised showed slower cancer growth and better rates of survival.

To achieve this, however, mice needed to be able to produce cytotoxic T-cells, which are the white blood cells specialised to attack cancer within the body. Without the flexibility to supply these important immune markers, physical activity was unable to suppress cancer growth to an identical extent.

On the opposite hand, when mice with cancer weren't exercising but instead got an injection of T-cells from exercising peers, their prospects generally improved.

"These results demonstrate that [cytotoxic T cells] are altered by exercise to enhance their effectiveness against tumours," the authors write. 

These changes appear to own something to try and do with lactate - a metabolite produced within the muscle during exercise, which later seeps into the blood.

In mice, metabolites linked to exercise increased by up to 8-fold following exercise. for sure, T-cells within the blood showed increased uptake of those products.

The results support the findings of a previous study by a number of identical authors, which discovered that lactate can help fuel T-cells within the blood, potentially increasing their "anti-tumour activity". 

In this case, when mice got daily, high-dosage injections of lactate alone, the animals showed a rise in T-cells within the tumour and a decrease in overall tumour growth, even without exercise.

"These findings indicate that lactate infusion mimics a number of the consequences of exercise, but that exercise has additional, integrative, components beyond merely increased levels of lactate," the authors write.

While the research to date has mainly been focused on animal models, the new study conducted a preliminary test among humans that offered somewhat similar results.

Taking blood samples from eight healthy men before and after a 30-minute cycle, the team noticed a rise in a number of the identical elevated metabolites they saw in exercising mice.

If the identified metabolites are increasing in humans like they are doing in mice, the team is hopeful that products of exercise like lactate may boost the system, making T-cells simpler at killing cancer in humans also, although more research is required to analyze this link in our own species.

"We hope these results may contribute to a deeper understanding of how our lifestyle impacts our system and inform the event of recent immunotherapies against cancer," says Rundqvist.

Although this is often an exciting development, like most things in cancer research, exercise should not be checked out as some reasonable solution.

For example, during a meta-analysis back in 2016, researchers found that among people who did the foremost physical activity within the study, their total cancer risk was reduced by 10 per cent compared to people who did the smallest amount.

If your risk of developing cancer is 40 per cent over a lifetime, however, that only changes your cancer chance from 40 per cent to 36 per cent – a big reduction, sure, but also slight overall.

Still, if exercise really can modify the ability of cytotoxic T-cells in humans, then mimicking its underlying effects could also be one in all the foremost promising routes for future cancer treatments. Now we just should determine how it works.

Even Vampire Bats Socially Distance Themselves When They Feel Sick

 Bats have long endured a foul reputation, even before COVID-19 emerged. These highly mobile creatures that sleep in clustered colonies are well-known reservoirs of viruses, including coronaviruses, that, as we have seen, can spill over into humans.

But these innocent animals are unfairly maligned. they're important pollinators and pest controllers. And when bats are feeling sick, new research shows they naturally display their own type of social distancing behaviours, the same as the measures we've had to adapt to slow the spread of COVID-19.

The study had scientists tagging a bunch of untamed vampire bats from a colony in Lamanai, Belize, and tracking their social encounters every few seconds over a pair of days. after they injected the bats with a substance that triggered their immune systems, the 'sick' bats clearly changed their behaviour and have become less social.

"In the wild, [we observed] vampire bats – which are highly social animals – keep their distance when they're sick or living with sick groupmates," said Simon Ripperger, a bat researcher from The Ohio State University.

"And it will be expected that they reduce the spread of disease as a result."

Previous work from this group of researchers had shown that, in captivity, sick bats sleep more, move less, spend less time grooming other bats, and make fewer social calls (which usually attract their mates). The researchers call this 'sickness behaviour'.

"We really wanted to determine whether these behavioural changes also occur during a natural setting where the bats are within their natural social and physical environment," Ripperger told ScienceAlert.

Collecting data on social interactions between bats would even be useful if researchers want to predict how sickness behaviour can reduce the spread of disease in these animals, the identical way social distancing does in humans.

So the researchers analysed data from a briefly captured group of 31 common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus), which are native to the geographical area, from a colony roosting inside a hollow tree.

Sixteen randomly selected female bats were injected with a substance to activate their system, which made them feel sick for some hours but didn't cause any real disease. Another 15 bats got a trial of salty water as a placebo.

Before the 'sick' and healthy bats were returned to their roost, they also had tiny sensors, each weighing but a penny, glued to their furry little backs. 

"The sensors gave us the chance to automatically track the behaviour of a complete grouping, instead of focal sample individuals at a time, what one usually does during a lab setting," Ripperger said. "That was an excellent success."

Sensor used to track batsThe sensors used to track social interactions between bats. (Simon Ripperger)

The custom sensors, designed by Ripperger and his colleagues, work by broadcasting a symbol every 2 seconds that 'wakes up' any neighbouring sensors (attached to a bat) within 5 to 10 metres.

Every time this happened within the three days after the bats were captured and released, the sensors logged an encounter. From the strength and duration of the pairwise signal, the scientists could tell when two bats came into close contact with each other, and for the way long.

"We focused on three measures of the sick bats' behaviours: what number other bats they encountered, what quantity total time they spent with others, and the way well-connected they were to the full social network," said behavioural ecologist Gerald Carter from The Ohio State University.

The network analysis shows that 'sick' bats were indeed less connected to their healthy, social roost mates.

In the first six-hour window after treatment, a 'sick' bat had on the average four fewer encounters than an impact bat, and 'sick' bats spent less time (25 minutes less) interacting with each partner. 

As expected, 48 hours later, once the treatment had worn off and also the 'sick' bats were feeling better, they mostly resumed their normal social behaviours.

"It was amazing that the effect was so clearly visible," Ripperger told ScienceAlert.

"Even without a sophisticated statistical analysis you directly saw what's happening simply from gazing the social networks."

It should be noted that because the researchers didn't infect the vampire bats with a true virus or bacteria, they didn't measure the spread of an actual disease during a bat colony, which could influence bat behaviour in other ways.

"It is vital to recollect that changes in behaviour also depend upon the pathogen," Carter said. "Some real diseases might make interactions more likely, not less, or they could cause sick bats being avoided."

The study also only checked out a little group of bats within one roost.

Tracking how bats move and interact between colonies are a greater challenge, especially as scientists are just discovering the massive distances that bats travel – even thousands of kilometres every year – between roosts.

Special Type of DNA in Owl Eyes May Be a 'Lens' That Supercharges Night Vision

 Owls are one in every of the rare avian predators that catch their prey by night, and new research suggests that there is something special within the way the DNA molecules in their eyes are packaged, giving them a strong visual advantage within the dark.

Through the method of natural action, the new study proposes that the DNA within the retinal cells of owls may are put together in such how that it acts as a kind of lens or vision enhancer, improving eyesight during the night.

The unusual trait hasn't been seen in birds before, which hints that owls have gone it alone on this particular evolutionary path, a minimum of among birds. the bulk of birds are diurnal like we are – is most active within the day and sleeping it all off in the dark.

"In the ancestral branch of the owls, we found traces of positive selection within the evolution of genes functionally associated with seeing, especially to phototransduction, and to chromosome packaging," write the researchers in their paper.

The team checked out the genomes of 20 different bird species, including 11 owls, identifying where positive selection had occurred – where beneficial mutations had been kept over generations. for sure, lots of this is going on within the areas of sensory perception, which is why owls can hear and see so well.

But the team also discovered signs of accelerated evolution in 32 genes that were more of a surprise. These genes were linked to DNA packaging and chromosome condensation – as if the structure of the molecules inside the owl eyes had actually adapted themselves to be able to capture more light.

A similar change in DNA molecule arrangement in retina cells has been seen before in nocturnal primates, and computer models of their molecular structure have suggested they will channel light.

This isn't the sole evolutionary boost that owls have for peering through the gloom – they even have retinas packed with rod cells for better twilight vision, for instance – but it'd definitely help in catching prey after dark.

Although the researchers' claims remain hypothetical, it's an intriguing idea. The comparison of genomes also supports the concept that owls did indeed evolve from an ancestor that was diurnal - seeing because the largest changes observed in their genetics seem to be associated with enhancing night-hunting abilities.

While owls kept the sharp talons they share with day-hunting birds of prey, like eagles and falcons, the researchers found genes that differed from owls' ancestors, and one which may potentially enhance their excellent hearing, visual sense, and soft feathers for silent flight. If the study's findings are confirmed, even the DNA molecules seem to be boosting the wonderful sight capabilities of owls.

The authors caution their proposed roles for the different genes are only suggestions for the instant, particularly with respect to how photoreceptors in owl eyes actually function. Direct observations and analysis is also ready to build upon the findings outlined here and will tell us even more about how owls gained their evolutionary advantages.

"Our study suggests novel candidate genes whose role within the evolution of owls is further explored," write the researchers.

COVID-19 Can Make Patients' Immune Systems Attack Their Own Bodies, Study Shows

 Across the globe, immunologists who retooled their labs to hitch the fight against SARS-CoV-2 are furiously trying to clarify why some people get so sick while others recover unscathed. The pace is dizzying, but some clear trends have emerged.

One area of focus has been the assembly of antibodies – powerful proteins capable of disabling and killing invading pathogens like viruses. Of great concern has been the sporadic identification of so-called autoreactive antibodies that, rather than targeting disease-causing microbes, target the tissues of people full of severe cases of COVID-19.

Early studies implicated these autoantibodies in dangerous blood clots forming in patients admitted to medical aid. More recently, they need been linked to severe disease by inactivating critical components of viral immune defenses during a significant fraction of patients with severe disease.

As an immunologist within the Lowance Center for Human Immunology at Emory University, I've got been investigating the response accountable for producing antibodies in COVID-19. Under the direction of Dr. Ignacio Sanz, our group has previously investigated immune responses contributing to autoantibody production in autoimmune disorders like lupus, and more recently in severe cases in COVID-19.

However, while we were ready to characterize the response in COVID-19 patients as autoimmune like, we couldn't confirm the assembly of autoantibodies hidden within their antiviral responses.

Now we can.

In a newly released study awaiting peer-review, we describe the alarming finding that within the sickest patients with COVID-19, autoantibody production is common – a finding with a large potential impact on both acute patient care and infection recovery.

Severe infection is linked with autoantibody production

Autoantibodies are available "flavors" that are usually related to specific disease types. Patients with lupus, for instance, will often have antibodies that concentrate on their own DNA – the molecules that compose the human genome.

Patients with autoimmune disease arthritis are less likely to own those antibodies, but more likely to indicate positive tests for autoantibody – antibodies that focus on other antibodies.

In this study, the Lowance Center group analyzed the medical charts of 52 patients in medical aid who were diagnosed with COVID-19. None of them had a history of autoimmune disorders. However, they were tested during infection for autoantibodies found in a very style of disorders.

The results are stark. quite 1/2 the 52 patients tested positive for autoantibodies. In patients with the very best levels of C-reactive protein (a marker of inflammation) within the blood, over two-thirds displayed evidence that their system was producing antibodies attacking their own tissue.

While these findings raise concerns, there are things that our data don't reveal. Although patients with severe disease clearly display autoantibody responses, the information doesn't tell us to what extent these autoantibodies contribute to the foremost severe symptoms of COVID-19.

It may be that severe viral illness routinely ends up in the assembly of autoantibodies with little consequence; this might just be the primary time we're seeing it. We also do not know how long the autoantibodies last. Our data suggest that they're relatively stable over some weeks. But, we want follow-up studies to know if they're persisting routinely beyond infection recovery.

Importantly, we believe that the autoreactive responses we've got identified here are specific to the SARS-CoV-2 infection – there's no reason to believe that similar results would be expected through vaccination against the virus.

Understanding the role of autoantibodies in COVID-19

However, while it's possible that these autoantibodies are benign, or maybe helpful in an exceedingly yet-unidentified manner, it is also possible that they are not. Maybe these self-targeted antibody responses do indeed contribute to disease severity, helping explain the delayed onset of severe symptoms in some patients which will correlate with antibody production.

This could be a reason that treatment with dexamethasone, an immunosuppressant often accustomed quell "flare-ups" of autoimmune disorders, could be effective in treating patients with only the foremost severe disease. it's also possible that these responses aren't short-lived, outlasting the infection and contributing to ongoing symptoms now experienced by a growing number of "long-hauler" COVID-19 patients.

Most concerning, it's possible that these responses could self-perpetuate in some patients, leading to the emergence of recent, permanent autoimmune disorders.

My colleagues and that I sincerely hope that this is often not the case – rather, that the emergence of autoantibodies in these patients could be a red herring, a quirk of viral response in some patients that may resolve on its own.

But we'd like to try to better than hope – we want to ask the correct questions and determine the answers. Fortunately, this study also gives us the tools to try and do that.

Autoreactive antibody test may reveal better treatments

The tests that were run on these patients to work out their "autoreactive profile" don't seem to be specialized. they're available to most hospital labs across the country.

Indeed, the 2 most typical antibodies that we discover in these patients, antinuclear antibodies and autoantibody, are detected by common tests utilized by rheumatologists.

Our study shows that by testing for just these two autoantibodies, and also the inflammatory marker CRP, we could also be ready to identify patients more likely to be experiencing potentially dangerous immune responses which may take pleasure in more aggressive immune modulation.

Further, autoreactivity testing might help identify patients who might enjoy rheumatological follow-up to observe recovery and help us understand whether some cases of "long-hauler" COVID-19 could be associated with persisting autoantibodies. If so, these patients might reply to the identical immune-targeted therapies that are successful in MIS-C where autoantibody production has now been documented.

Finally, by testing patients immediately following COVID-19 recovery, we will establish baselines and start to trace the possible emergence of the latest cases of autoimmunity following this terrible disease, and plan early rheumatological intervention if needed.

We now have the tools. it is time to begin using them. The Conversation

Matthew Woodruff, Instructor, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University.

Scientists Just Reported The First Unambiguous Detection of Water on The Moon

 It's official. There's water on the Moon.

We've thought that there was for over a decade, supported detections described back in 2009, but there was room for interpretation within the wavelengths used. Now, employing a different wavelength unique to water, scientists report the primary unambiguous detection.

Those 2009 conclusions were apparently on the money.

The ambiguity arose because the 2009 detections were made within the 3-micrometre infrared band. At this wavelength, there have been two possibilities - water, or another hydroxyl compound comprising hydrogen and oxygen.

Led by astronomer Casey Honniball of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre, a team of scientists decided to appear into the wavelength that would confirm or overturn those findings. The 6-micrometre infrared band should show a line which will only be created by two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom - what's called the H-O-H bend vibration.

But actually making an unambiguous detection in this band is difficult. It requires the employment of the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), a special, one-of-a-kind telescope that's flown during a plane above the majority of Earth's atmosphere.

"SOFIA is that the only current and planned observatory capable of those observations," Hannibal told ScienceAlert.

"Current lunar spacecraft don't have instruments which will measure at 6 micrometres, and from the bottom, Earth's atmosphere blocks 6-micron light, so it can't be done from ground-based observatories. SOFIA flies above 99.9 per cent of the Earth's water vapour, which allows 6-micrometre light to withstand and be observed. and fortuitously SOFIA's FORCAST instrument can make 6-micrometre measurements and appearance at the Moon."

Using FORCAST, the team carefully studied a vicinity during which the 3-micrometre detections had been made - high southern latitudes, around the pole. There, they found the emission line they'd been hoping for - that unique signature that would only be created by the H-O-H bend vibration.


Based on their detections, the team estimates water abundances of around 100 to 400 parts per million - in keeping with 3-micrometre detections made by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper.

Of course, there aren't any liquid lakes sloshing around on the lunar surface, and any frozen water would sublimate as soon because the sunlight hit it. But there are multiple ways the Moon could still be harbouring surface water.

"We mainly think the water is in glass," Hannibal said.

"When a micrometeorite impacts the Moon, it melts some lunar material, which quickly cools and forms a glass. If there's water already present, formed during or delivered during the impact, a number of the water will be captured within the structure of the glass while it cooled."

In a separate paper led by astronomer Paul Hayne of the University of Colorado Boulder, scientists explored another possibility - regions of permanent shadow in polar craters. At high latitudes, high crater rims create regions that sunlight never touches.

In these spots, temperatures never reach above approximately -163 degrees Celsius (-260 degrees Fahrenheit), creating cold traps that would harbour hidden patches of water ice.

Using data from NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, Hayne and his colleagues calculated that there can be the maximum amount as 40,000 square kilometres (15,000 square miles) of such permanently shadowed surface. And 60 per cent of that's at the South Pole.

"The temperatures are so low in cold traps that ice would behave sort of a rock," Hayne said. "If water gets in there, it is not going anywhere for a billion years."

Both papers have important implications for future lunar missions. NASA is getting to establish a lunar base as a part of the Artemis mission; if an abundant source of water is often found nearby, lunar residents could make use of it for drinking, for growing crops, even splitting it using electrolysis to get hydrogen for burster.

But we'd like to induce an improved picture of where the water may well be, and the way much is there. The work of Haynes' team will help see where to look; the work of Honniball's team gives us the how. All we want now could be the telescope time.

"We are granted two more hours on SOFIA and are requesting a further 72 hours," Hannibal said. "With more observations, we are going to be ready to characterise the behaviour of water across the lunar surface and understand its source, where it resides, and if it moves around the lunar surface."

Scientists Design Super-Light Carbon Nanostructure That's Stronger Than Diamond

 Scientists have found a brand new thanks to structure carbon at the nanoscale, making a fabric that's superior to diamond on the strength-to-density ratio.

While the small carbon lattice has been fabricated and tested within the lab, it is a very good distance of practical use. But this new approach could help us build stronger and lighter materials within the future - which are some things that are of great interest to industries like aerospace and aviation. 

What we're talking about here are some things called nanolattices - porous structures just like the one within the image above that's made from three-dimensional carbon struts and braces. thanks to their unique structure, they're incredibly strong and light-weight.

Usually, these nanolattices are based around a cylindrical framework (they're called beam-nanolattices). But the team has now created plate-nanolattices, structures based around tiny plates.

This subtle shift might not sound like much, but the researchers say it can make an enormous difference when it involves strength.

Based on early experiments and calculations, the plate approach promises a 639 percent increase in strength and a 522 percent increase in rigidity over the beam nanolattice approach.


"Scientists have predicted that nanolattices arranged during a plate-based design would be incredibly strong," says materials scientist Cameron Crook, from the University of California, Irvine (UCI).

"But the issue in manufacturing structures this manner meant that the speculation was never proven until we succeeded in doing it."

To finally test these materials within the lab, the researchers used a fancy 3D laser printing called two-photon polymerization direct laser writing, which essentially uses carefully managed chemical reactions inside a ray to etch out shapes at the tiniest of scales.

Using liquid resin sensitive to actinic radiation, the method shoots photons at the resin to show it into a solid polymer in an exceedingly particular shape. Additional steps are then required to get rid of excess resin and to heat up the structure to mend it in situ.

What the scientists have managed to try and do here actually comes near the utmost theoretical stiffness and strength of a fabric of this kind – limits called the Hashin-Shtrikman and Suquet upper bounds.

As confirmed by a scanning microscope, these are the primary actual experiments to indicate that those theoretical limits are often reached, though we're still a protracted way off having the ability to manufacture this material at a bigger scale.

In fact, a part of the material's strength lies in its tiny size: as objects like this get shrunk below 100 nanometres – one thousand times smaller than the thickness of a personality's hair – the pores and cracks in them get ever smaller, reducing potential flaws.


As for a way these nanolattices might eventually be used, they'll certainly be of interest to aerospace engineers – their combination of strength and denseness makes them ideal for aircraft and spacecraft.

"Previous beam-based designs, while of great interest, had not been so efficient in terms of mechanical properties," says engineer Jens Bauer, from UCI.

"This new class of plate-nanolattices that we've created is dramatically stronger and stiffer than the simplest beam-nanolattices."

Solar Winds Hitting Earth Are Hotter Than They Should Be, And We May Finally Know Why

 Our planet is continually bathed within the winds coming off the blistering sphere at the center of our scheme. But while the Sun itself is so ridiculously hot, once the solar winds reach Earth, they're hotter than they must be - and that we might finally know why.

We know that particles making up the plasma of the Sun's heliosphere cool as they unfolded. the matter is that they appear to require their sweet time doing so, dropping in temperature far slower than models predict.

"People are studying the solar radiation since its discovery in 1959, but there are many important properties of this plasma which are still not well understood," says physicist Stas Boldyrev from the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

"Initially, researchers thought the solar radiation needs to calm down very rapidly because it expands from the Sun, but satellite measurements show that because it reaches the planet, its temperature is 10 times larger than expected."

The research team used laboratory equipment to review moving plasma, and now think the solution to the matter lies in a very trapped sea of electrons that just can't seem to flee the Sun's grip.

The expansion process itself has long been assumed to be subject to adiabatic laws, a term that simply means energy isn't added or off from a system. This keeps the numbers nice and easy, but assumes there aren't places where energy slips in or out of the flow of particles.


Unfortunately, an electron's journey is anything but simple, shoved around at the mercy of vast magnetic fields sort of a roller coaster from Hell. This chaos leaves many opportunities for warmth to be passed back and forth.

Just to complicate matters further, because of its tiny mass, electrons get an honest advantage over heavier ions as they shoot forth from the Sun's atmosphere, leaving a largely positive cloud of particles in their wake.

Eventually, the growing attraction between the 2 opposing charges takes over the inertia of these flying electrons, pulling them back to the start where magnetic fields another time play havoc with their paths.

"Such returning electrons are reflected so they stream aloof from the Sun, but again they can't escape thanks to the attractive electric force of the Sun," says Boldyrev.

"So, their destiny is to make a comeback and forth, creating an oversized population of so-called trapped electrons."

Boldyrev and his crew recognized the same game of electron ping-pong playing enter their own laboratory, inside an apparatus commonly wont to study plasma called a mirror machine.

Diagram of a mirror machine


Diagram of a mirror machineA linear fusion reactor, or 'mirror machine'. (Cary Forest)

Mirror machines don't actually contain any mirrors. At least, not the familiar shiny kind. Also called magnetic mirrors or magnetic traps, these linear fusion devices are little quite long tubes with a bottle-neck at either end.

Their reflective nature is formed as streams of plasma passing through the bottle pinch in at either end, altering the encircling magnetic fields in such a way that particles within the stream reflect back inside again.

"But some particles can escape, and after they do, they stream along expanding field lines outside the bottle," Boldyrev says.

"Because the physicists want to stay this plasma very popular, they need to work out how the temperature of the electrons that escape the bottle declines outside this opening."

Or if you're Boldyrev and his team, those leaking electrons will be studied to higher understand what's happening with our very own solar radiation.

He and his colleagues suggest the population of trapped electrons that yo-yo back and forth play a serious role within the way electrons distributes their energy, changing the standard distributions of particle velocities and temperatures in predictable ways.

"It seems that our results agree o.k. with measurements of the temperature profile of the solar radiation and that they may explain why the electron temperature declines with space so slowly," says Boldyrev.


Finding such a decent match between the mirror machine's figures and what we see in space suggests there may be other solar phenomena worth studying this fashion.

This Genius New Type of Solar Energy Cell Can Be Used in Windows

 Engineers have developed a semi-transparent photovoltaic cell that provides a viable level of efficiency, and it'd get us closer to a future where windows that double up as solar panels could transform both architecture and energy production.

Two square meters (around 22 square feet) of the next-gen perovskite solar cells (PSCs) would be enough to come up with about the maximum amount electricity as a regular electrical device, in keeping with the most recent study – within the region of 140 watts per meter, if tinted to the identical degree as current glazed commercial windows.

Solar cell windows are something researchers are functioning on for years, but until now nobody has really hit the sweet spot in terms of efficiency, stability, and value. The team behind the new project says they're closer than ever to doing just that.

"Rooftop solar contains a conversion efficiency of between 15 and 20 percent," says materials chemist Jacek Jasieniak, from Monash University in Australia. "The semi-transparent cells have a conversion efficiency of 17 percent, while still transmitting over 10 percent of the incoming light so that they are right within the zone.


"It's long been a dream to own windows that generate electricity, and now that appears possible."

Central to the work is that the replacement of a key electric cell component (Spiro-OMeTAD to be technical) with a specially developed polymer, supported by an organic semiconductor, which increases overall stability.

That stability is crucial in the material that goes in the sunshine all day. Add the recent efficiency increases in PSCs and you'll see why this growing solar technology is becoming more and more commercially attractive.

However, you will not be able to gaze through a superbly clear window and obtain the utmost amount of energy efficiency from it – there's still a balance to be found between opacity and efficiency.

"There could be a trade-off," says Jasieniak. "The solar cells are made more, or less, transparent. The more transparent they're, the less electricity they generate so becomes something for architects to contemplate."

Even with this major breakthrough, it's going to be a while – maybe the maximum amount as 10 years – before the tech is commercialized and scaled up. The scientists are working with business partners to do and acquire the solar cells included in future building plans.

Multi-story buildings where glazing is already expensive are likely to be the primary beneficiaries, in keeping with the team, because the addition of photovoltaic cell technology won't cost a large amount extra (and remember the electricity savings).


Among the avenues that the researchers are now exploring is combining a layer of perovskite solar cells with a layer of organic solar cells (the more traditional type) to urge the advantages of both.

"These solar cells mean an enormous change to the way we predict about buildings and therefore the way they function," says Jasieniak.

"Up so far every building has been designed on the belief that windows are fundamentally passive. Now they're going to actively produce electricity."

Your Dreams Are More Complex Depending on What Stage of Sleep You're In, Study Finds

 The quality and complexity of dreams appear to vary with our stages of sleep, per a replacement analysis.

Before the twenty-first century, we accustomed think dreams only occurred during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, but more modern research shows people sometimes recall dreams even once they are woken from non-REM stages of sleep. 

Whether these two kinds of dreaming are inherently different are a few things neuroscientists are still trying to work out.  

When patients are woken during slumber, research shows they'll usually recall elaborate, vivid, and emotional story-like dreams. In contrast, those woken during non-REM stages remember their dreams less, and also the dreams themselves tend to be more thought-like.

These are important findings, but they're also supported by subjective reports. REM dreams are often described in additional words, for example, but when the length of the outline is controlled for, differences in elaboration disappear or are highly diminished.

Researchers in Brazil have now developed a high-speed analyzing tool that may take these qualitative reports and display them in a very more objective graph form, taking under consideration biases for both length and language.

"We know REM dreams are longer and more like movies," says neuroscientist Sidarta Ribeiro from the University of Sao Paulo in Brazil. 

"Automating the method of study, as we did within the study, made possible the first-ever quantitative measurement of this structural difference."

Compared to traditional methods, which depend on parsing out the meaning of words, this non-semantic graph analysis was able to instead target the general tone of what was said.

Focusing on 133 previously collected dream reports from 20 participants, who were woken at different stages of dreaming, researchers graphed out the words, replacing them with nodes on a graph.

Analyzing their structural organization, the new tool found REM dream reports were way more complex and filled with connected information compared to dreams during non-REM sleep.

And this was true no matter the report's length.

"This is that the first study to use graph theory to point out that REM dream reports have more structural connectedness than non-REM dream reports," says neuroscientist Joshua Martin from Humboldt University in Berlin.

"Not to depreciate the relevance of traditional methods, but these results are important because they show that computational methods may be applied to studies of dreaming."

While non-REM sleep is suspected of getting some restorative function, we're still not really sure why sleep exists. If dreaming during this stage is really of unique quality, as this new research suggests, then REM and non-REM dreaming may well be driven by distinct underlying mechanisms that might play differing roles in our biology. 

Compared to REM dreams, dreams from the N2 stage – a deep, non-REM, slow-wave sleep – were shorter, less frequently recalled, less intense, and more thought-like. 

Of course, sleep studies include many limitations beyond mere subjectivity. Being woken up continuously throughout the night could itself be impacting the standard of sleep among volunteers.

Recall of dreams may additionally be warped by sleep inertia – that weird stage between waking and sleeping – although dreams' narrative complexity appears to remain identical even once participants have woken up properly.

While complex dream narratives can still occur in non-REM sleep, the authors suspect the very physiology of REM sleep, which shows great cortical activity and muscle atonia, could be a better time for interactive narratives to unfold uninterrupted.

"In this sense, dream experiences that are coherent, immersive, and story-like could also be more easily organized into a report with larger connectedness, while dream experiences that are fragmented and isolated are relatively harder to prepare mentally and thus are structurally less connected," the authors explain. 

Not only do the results of the study complement existing literature on dream reports and sleep, but they also support recent and more objective measurements of dream bank databases. 

A study published in 2020, for example, used an algorithm to sift through 24,000 dreams and located various "statistical markers" that support the hypothesis that our dreams are a continuation of lifestyle.

One algorithm isn't enough to place this mystery to bed, but mathematical tools like this one may be useful when it involves assessing our sleep and our dreams with as little bias and with as many considered factors as possible.

The current study was conducted at a way smaller scale, but it offers a number of the primary really objective measurements on dreams that we have got.

Earth Is Vibrating Substantially Less Because There's So Little Activity Right Now

 Flights are grounded. Fewer trains are running. time of day is gone. the globe - particularly in cities - is looking drastically different during the continued coronavirus pandemic.

According to seismologists, that drastic reduction in human hustle and bustle is causing the planet to maneuver substantially less. the world is 'standing still'.

Thomas Lecocq, a geologist, and seismologist at the Royal Observatory in Belgium noticed that the country's capital Brussels is experiencing a 30 to 50 percent reduction in ambient seismic noise since the lockdowns began, as CNN reports.


That means data collected by seismologists is becoming more accurate, capable of detecting even the littlest tremors - despite the actual fact that a lot of the scientific instruments in use today are near city centers.

"You'll get a symbol with less noise on top, allowing you to squeeze a touch more information out of these events," Andy Frassetto, a seismologist at the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology in Washington DC told Nature.

Researchers in la and in West London, UK noticed an identical trend.


But seismologists collecting data from remote stations distant from human civilization won't see a change the least bit, in keeping with Nature.

Regardless, a major come by seismic noise also shows that we're a minimum of doing one thing right during this pandemic: staying within the safety of our own homes as we anticipate the virus to run its course.

Astronomers Have Watched a Nova Go From Start to Finish For The First Time

A nova may be a dramatic episode within the lifetime of a binary pair of stars. It's an explosion of bright light that may last weeks or perhaps months. And though they are not exactly rare - there are about 10 every year within the galaxy - astronomers haven't watched one from start to end.


Until now.

A nova occurs in an exceedingly close binary system when one amongst the celebs has had its red giant star phase. That star leaves behind a remnant white dwarf star. When the star and its partner become close enough, the large gravitational pull of the white dwarf star draws material, mostly hydrogen, from the opposite star.

That hydrogen accretes onto the surface of the white dwarf star, forming a skinny atmosphere. The white dwarf star heats the hydrogen, and eventually, the pressure level is extremely high, and fusion is ignited. Not just any fusion: rapid, runaway fusion.


229169 web

Artist's impression of a nova eruption, showing the star accreting matter from its companion. (Nova_by K. Ulaczyk, Warschau Universität Observatorium)


When the rapid fusion ignites, we will see the sunshine, and also the new hydrogen atmosphere is expelled aloof from the star into space. In the past, astronomers thought these new bright lights were new stars, and also the name "nova" stuck.

Astronomers now call these sorts of nova "classical" novae. (There also are recurrent novae, when the method repeats itself.)

This is an enormously energetic event, that produces not only light but gamma rays and x-rays too. the tip result's that some stars that would only be seen through a telescope are often seen with the oculus during a nova.

All of this is often widely accepted in astronomy and astrophysics. But much of it's theoretical.


Recently, astronomers using the BRITE (BRIght Target Explorer) constellation of nanosatellites were fortunate enough to look at the complete process from start to end, confirming the speculation.


BRITE could be a constellation of nanosatellites designed to "investigate stellar structure and evolution of the brightest stars within the sky and their interaction with the local environment," per the website.

They operate in low-Earth orbit and have few restrictions on the parts of the sky that they'll observe. BRITE may be a coordinated project between Austrian, Polish, and Canadian researchers.

This first-ever observation of a nova was pure chance. BRITE had spent several weeks observing 18 stars within the Carina constellation. One day, a brand new star appeared. BRITE Operations Manager Rainer Kuschnig found the nova during a daily inspection.

"Suddenly there was a star on our records that wasn't there the day before," he said in a very handout. "I'd never seen anything prefer it all together the years of the mission!"

Werner Weiss is from the Department of Astrophysics at the University of Vienna. in a very release, he emphasized the importance of this observation.

V906 Carinae

A shows bright V906 Carinae labeled with a white arrow. B and C show the star before and after the V906 Carinae nova. (A. Maury and J. Fabrega)


"But what causes a previously unimpressive start to explode? This was an issue that has not been solved satisfactorily so far," he said.

The explosion of Nova V906 within the constellation Carina is giving researchers some answers and has confirmed a number of the theoretical concept behind novae.


V906 Carinae was first spotted by the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae. Fortunately, it appeared in a neighborhood of the sky that had been under observation by BRITE for weeks, therefore the data documenting the nova is in BRITE data.

"It is astounding that for the primary time a nova may be observed by our satellites even before its actual eruption and until many weeks later," says Otto Koudelka, project manager of the BRITE Austria (TUGSAT-1) satellite at TU Graz.

V906 Carinae is about 13,000 light-years away, therefore the event is already history. "After all, this nova is to date far from us that its light takes about 13,000 years to succeed in the planet," explains Weiss.

The BRITE team reported their findings during a new paper. The paper is titled "Direct evidence for shock-powered optical emission in a very nova." It's published within the journal Nature Astronomy. First author is Elias Aydi from Michigan State University.

"This fortunate circumstance was decisive in ensuring that the nova event can be recorded with unprecedented precision," explains Konstanze Zwintz, head of the BRITE Science Team, from the Institute for Astro- and physical science at the University of Innsbruck.


Zwintz immediately realized "that we had access to observation material that was unique worldwide," consistent with an announcement.

Novae like V906 Carinae are thermonuclear explosions on the surface of white dwarf star stars. For a protracted time, astrophysicists thought that a nova's luminosity is powered by continual nuclear burning after the initial burst of runaway fusion. But the info from BRITE suggests something different.

In the new paper, the authors show that shocks play a bigger role than thought. The authors say that "shocks internal to the nova ejecta may dominate the nova emission."

These shocks may be involved in other events like supernovae, stellar mergers, and tidal disruption events, in step with the authors. But up yet, there's been a scarcity of observational evidence.

"Here we report simultaneous space-based optical and gamma-ray observations of the 2018 nova V906 Carinae (ASASSN-18fv), revealing a stimulating series of distinct correlated flares in both bands," the researchers write.

Since those flares occur at the identical time, it implies a standard origin in shocks.

"During the flares, the nova luminosity doubles, implying that the majority of the luminosity is shock powered." So instead of continual nuclear burning, novae are driven by shocks.

"Our data, spanning the spectrum from radio to gamma-ray, provide evidence that shocks can power substantial luminosity in classical novae and other optical transients." 

In broader terms, shocks are shown to play some role in events like novae. But that understanding is basically supported by studying timescales and luminosities. This study is that the first direct observation of such shocks, and is probably going only the start of observing and understanding the role that shocks play.

In the conclusion of their paper, the authors write: "Our observations of nova V906 Car definitively demonstrate that substantial luminosity may be produced - and emerge at optical wavelengths - by heavily absorbed, energetic shocks in explosive transients."

They go on to mention that: "With modern time-domain surveys like ASAS-SN, the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) and also the Vera C. Rubin Observatory, we'll be discovering more - and better luminosity - transients than ever before. The novae in our galactic backyard will remain critical for testing the physical drivers powering these distant, exotic events."

Mesmerising Video Shows The View if You Could See Earth And The Moon at The Same Time

 As humans stuck on an orbiting planet, we're somewhat limited by our point of view. Looking up at the night sky, we can see our closest neighbor, the Moon, shining back at us, but have you ever wondered what we must look like from our satellite?



Planetary scientist James O'Donoghue has now held up a mirror for us all to see the truth.
Using real NASA imagery and positional data along with lunar topography imagery, the former NASA employee has created a computer-generated, high-resolution video of what Earth looks like from the Moon, while also showing us what the Moon looks like from Earth at the same time.
With every frame of the video representing 15 minutes of actual time, the final product encompasses the entire month of April 2020 (in CGI form, at least), and allows us a cosmic perspective the likes of which we've never seen before.
Made in isolation, depicting isolation. Here's how Earth looks from the Moon & how Moon looks from Earth, April 2020: showing accurate phases and rotations. CGI based on real NASA imagery, lunar topography (exaggerated for fun), using NASA data (see it 4K
https://
 



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O'Donoghue further explained that while the video might look real, it was just based on some graphics he'd seen, and said his goal was to show the phases, rotations, angles, and size changes.


On Twitter, O'Donoghue also mentioned he'd been approached about writing a book, but admitted he'd been spending most of his free time simply making new animations.
When they look at this amazing, we don't mind at all.

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