New “Flying-V” Plane Burns 20 Percent Less Fuel & Can Carry More Than 300 Passengers

  

Airlines are testing all forms of ways to create planes less of a haul on the environment. Virgin Atlantic recently used recycled waste to power a billboard flight, while Boeing and JetBlue have backed a shot to make hybrid-electric planes. The Netherlands ’ KLM Royal Dutch Airlines is taking a distinct approach.

It just partnered with a university to develop the “Flying-V,” a radical new airplane design that puts passenger seats inside the plane’s wings — and it could decrease the number of fuel needed for flights by a considerable 20 percent.

On Monday, KLM announced plans to collaborate with the Delft University of Technology on the school’s in-development Flying-V airplane design. And it doesn’t just put passengers within the plane’s wings — the fuel tanks and hold also will find a brand new home there.

Based on the researchers’ calculations, the new design should allow the Flying-V to move approximately the identical number of passengers as an Airbus A350 using 20 percent less fuel.

“We’ve been flying these tube and wing airplanes for many years now, but it looks as if the configuration is reaching a plateau in terms of energy efficiency,” TU Delft project leader Roelof Vos told CNN. “The new configuration that we propose realizes some synergy between the fuselage and also the wing. The fuselage actively contributes to the lift of the airplane, and creates less aerodynamic drag.”

There's 400,000 Pounds Of Trash On The Moon

  The Moon’s surface is strewn with many man-made items, from spacecraft to bags of urine to colossal plaques. Most are spacecraft, quite 70 vehicles altogether dispersed over the lunar surface.

What do the subsequent items have in common?

5 American flags

12 pairs of shoes

96 bags of urine, feces, and vomit

A photograph of Apollo 16 astronaut Charles Duke’s family

If you guessed that these are all among the things on the moon, then you're correct. In total, the moon has over 400,000 pounds of artificial material, and that we humans constantly boost that pile. Humans crash probes into the moon—a tedious method for bringing unmanned missions to an in-depth. And these crashes often leave behind lots of trash.

But is that this trash a controversy, or simply the price of doing space travel?

Weighing in is Jerry Linenger, a former NASA astronaut. He was the only real American on board the Russian orbiter Mir, which survived the worst fire in space exploration history. He’s also the author of “Off the earth.”

In addition to the things mentions above, here’s a rough list of stuff on the moon, in line with The Atlantic.

More than 70 spacecraft, including rovers, modules, and crashed orbiters

TV cameras

Film magazines

Numerous Hasselblad cameras and accessories

Several improvised javelins

Various hammers, tongs, rakes, and shovels

Backpacks

Insulating blankets

Utility towels

Used wet wipes

Personal hygiene kits

Empty packages of space food

A feather from Baggin, the Air Force Academy’s mascot falcon, accustomed conduct Apollo 15’s famous “hammer-feather drop” experiment

A small aluminum sculpture, a tribute to the American and Soviet “fallen astronauts” who died within the space race — left by the crew of Apollo 15

A patch from the never-launched Apollo 1 mission, which ended prematurely when flames engulfed the module during a 1967 work out, killing three U.S. astronauts

A small silicon disk bearing goodwill messages from 73 world leaders, and left on the moon by the crew of Apollo 11

A silver pin, left by Apollo 12 astronaut Alan Bean

A medal honoring Soviet cosmonauts Vladimir Komarov and astronaut

A cast golden offering left by the crew of Apollo 11

A Modem With a Tiny Mirror Cabinet Could Help Connect The Quantum Internet

  Quantum physics promises huge advances not just in quantum computing but also during a quantum internet – a next-generation framework for transferring data from one place to a different. Scientists have now invented technology suitable for a quantum modem that might act as a network gateway.

What makes a quantum internet superior to the regular, existing internet that you're reading this through is security: interfering with the info being transmitted with quantum techniques would essentially break the connection. It's as near unhackable as you'll possibly get.

As with trying to provide practical, commercial quantum computers though, turning the quantum internet from potential to reality is taking time – not surprising, considering the incredibly complex physics involved. A quantum modem can be a really important success for the technology.

"In the long run, a quantum internet might be wont to connect quantum computers located in several places, which might considerably increase their computing power!" says physicist Andreas Reiserer, from the Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck Institute in Germany.

Quantum computing is made round the idea of qubits, which unlike classical computer bits can store several states simultaneously. The new research focuses on connecting stationary qubits in a very quantum computer with moving qubits traveling between these machines.

That's a troublesome challenge when you're handling information that's stored as delicately because it is with natural philosophy. during this setup, light photons are wont to store quantum data in transit, photons that are precisely tuned to the infrared wavelength of laser light employed in today's communication systems.

That gives the new system a key advantage therein it'll work with existing fiber-optic networks, which might make a quantum upgrade rather more straightforward when the technology is prepared to roll out.

In working out the way to get stored qubits at rest reacting good with moving infrared photons, the researchers determined that the element erbium and its electrons were best fitted to the duty – but erbium atoms aren't naturally inclined to form the required jump between two states. to form that possible, the static erbium atoms and therefore the moving infrared photons are essentially locked up together until they get along.

Working out the way to try this required a careful calculation of the space and conditions needed. Inside their modem, the researchers installed a miniature mirrored cabinet around a crystal manufactured from a yttrium silicate compound. This founded was then was cooled to minus 271 degrees Celsius (minus 455.8 degrees Fahrenheit).

The modem mirror cabinet. (Max Planck Institute)

The cooled crystal kept the erbium atoms stable enough to force an interaction, while the mirrors bounced the infrared photons around tens of thousands of times – essentially creating tens of thousands of chances for the mandatory jump to happen. The mirrors make the system 60 times faster and far more efficient than it'd be otherwise, the researchers say.

Once that jump between the 2 states has been made, the data are often passed someplace else. That data transfer raises a full new set of problems to be overcome, but scientists are busy acting on solutions.

As with many advances in quantum technology, it's visiting take a long time to induce this from the lab into actual real-world systems, but it's another significant revolution – and also the same study could also help in quantum processors and quantum repeaters that pass data over longer distances.

"Our system thus enables efficient interactions between light and solid-state qubits while preserving the delicate quantum properties of the latter to an unprecedented degree," write the researchers in their published paper.

2 °C of Warming Could Open The Floodgates For 230 Billion Tons of Carbon to Escape

  Most people comprehend the vast stores of carbon in our atmosphere, and yet beneath our feet, Earth's soil contains nearly 3 times the maximum amount of CO2, absorbing roughly 1 / 4 of all human emissions annually.

If the planet warms by 2 °C or more, we risk turning that vital sink into a carbon spout.

An updated model on carbon soil turnover has found such warming could release 230 billion loads of greenhouse emission, give or take 50 billion tons. and that is just from the highest meter of soil, which has roughly the identical amount of carbon as our atmosphere.

That number may be a little under what China has emitted since 1900 and slightly but double what u.  s. has emitted since the identical year.

Restricting a model to such shallow depths might sound like an oversight initially, but by confining their measurements, scientists have made it easier to model changes in soil turnover. This has also helped halve the uncertainty produced by other similar models.

"We have reduced the uncertainty during this temperature change response, which is significant to calculating an accurate global carbon budget and successfully meeting Paris Agreement targets," says climate scientist Peter Cox from the worldwide Systems Institute.

While warming temperatures are known to extend decomposition and shorten the number of your time carbon spends within the soil, it's still not clear how sensitive this technique is to temperature changes. 

In fact, the way soil responds to our rapidly changing world is one in every of the best uncertainties in our current climate models. And while the new research is not the worst prediction out there, it's still not excellent news.

"Our study rules out the foremost extreme projections – but nonetheless suggests substantial soil carbon losses because of global climate change at only 2°C warmings, and this does not even include losses of deeper permafrost carbon," says climate modeler Sarah Chadburn from the University of Exeter. 

Nor does it include other greenhouse gases, like methane, which are stored within the soil and which are again and again more powerful as a worldwide warmer than dioxide.

Of course, not all soil holds an identical amount of carbon, and while some parts of the globe hold the potential to extend their soil sink, other parts aren't so lucky.

Most soil carbon is stored in peatland or permafrost, and unfortunately, these common Arctic habitats are on the frontlines of worldwide warming.

Today, with rapid permafrost collapse underway, scientists are worried we are going to soon hit a tipping point, where vast stores of carbon trigger more melt and increased emissions at a runaway pace. 

Recent research, as an example, has found that as permafrost melts, rising temperatures are stimulating plant growth, and these spreading roots are 'priming' permafrost for further thawing.  

Such minute interactions are easy to overlook in such a sophisticated system, but they may blow holes in our current climate goals.

"Climate–carbon cycle feedbacks must be understood and quantified if the Paris Agreement targets are to be met," researchers of the new model write.

"Changes in soil carbon represent a very large uncertainty, with the potential to significantly reduce the carbon take into account climate stabilization at 2 °C heating."

The carbon in Earth's soil has been build up for millennia. If we act, we would not latch on back again.

What we do about it now will determine our future.

How Would You React If We Discovered Alien Life?

  Experts weigh in on what the detection of other life forms might mean to humanity.

or quite a century, from George Melies’ a visit to the Moon to Stephen Spielberg’s E.T. and shut Encounters to the present summer’s blockbuster sequel to July 4, mass media, and also the general public, have pondered what's going to happen if we ever came into contact with extraterrestrial life forms. Carl Sagan’s book Contact, and Jodie Foster’s movie of the identical name, explores one possible scenario within which an exploration for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) scientist (played by Foster) discovers a sign repeating a sequence of prime numbers originating from star system Vega, the 5th brightest star visible from Earth. whether or not Contact’s version of an alien encounter is more likely than that presented in Spielberg’s E.T., the probabilities are worth pondering.

=And yet experts believe that the percentages of receiving a radio transmission composed of prime numbers or encountering intelligent extraterrestrial life within the near future are “astronomical.” even with Hillary Clinton’s promise that if elected President, she would open up the “X-files” (Area 51).

But the chances are also increasing because of continuing advances in technology and money. At a news conference held in April in big apple City, Russian billionaire and Breakthrough Prize co-founder Yuri Milner, together with a famed physicist, announced Breakthrough Starshot, a 20-year voyage to the Alpha Centauri star system. Should the existence of planets within the binary star system be confirmed, Starshot could provide us with the simplest measurements of an exoplanet atmosphere we could ever hope to urge this century. Milner will spend $100 million dollars to fund the project. Facebook’s founder and CEO, Mark Zuckerberg, is on the project’s board of directors.

The goal of NASA’s Kepler Mission was to search out terrestrial planets within the habitable zone of stars both near and much where liquid water and possibly life might exist. To date, Kepler has confirmed the existence of two,337 exoplanets, including 1,284 new planets announced as of this writing. in a very handout issued by NASA, chief scientist Ellen Stofan, said, “This announcement quite doubles the number of confirmed planets from Kepler. this offers us hope that somewhere out there, around a star very like ours, we will eventually discover another Earth.”

But what would happen if we discovered life beyond Earth?

Christof Koch, president, and chief scientific officer of the Allen Institute for neuroscience, believe most people are excited to be told that there's intelligent life out there. “For some ‘contact” would be a wish come true and fill us with awe. except for others, it might raise concerns. One can’t assume that alien cultures are by definition benevolent,” Koch says. “If we glance at the history of our world, lesser civilizations were often destroyed by more advanced ones. Would the identical happen to us if we encountered a complicated alien civilization?” Hawking has warned against sending messages out into space for this very reason.

Koch has devoted his life to defining what consciousness is whether or not it's the net, robots, animals, etc. Since it's doubtful that our first contact is going to be with humans from another planet it's important for us to know what consciousness is so we are able to better understand what we do discover as we explore space. “The first discovery would probably be bacteria which could excite some scientists but not the final public. Another scenario may well be a radio wave whose origin would be questioned. Was it a deliberate signal sent to us or is it random noise that will be explained scientifically? I'm not holding my breath for a sign that has prime numbers,” Koch says.

Mary A. Voytek is that the senior scientist and head of NASA’s Astrobiology Program who started Nexus for Exoplanet System Science to go looking for all times on exoplanets. She notes that NASA scientists are currently staring at the foremost extreme conditions on Earth to raised understand what conditions can support life throughout the universe.  “If we will determine what makes a habitable planet on Earth it'll help guide us to seem for conditions within the universe,” she says. Voytek notes that NASA acknowledges that the invention of life has significance beyond science: “In order to totally understand the societal implications, we must discuss with the experts-scholars in sociology and therefore the humanities likewise as theologians.”

“When I give lectures about my work, most people are excited about the likelihood of the invention of extraterrestrial life,” Voytek says. “This is nothing new… the traditional Greek atomists within the fourth century B.C. wrote about it. there's a quote by Democritus that I favor to cite. ‘To consider the planet because the only populated world in infinite space is as absurd on assert that in a whole field sown with millet just one grain will grow.’”

Douglas Vakoch, president of Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence (METI) has devoted much of his career with SETI to exploring what would happen on first contact and the way we could even initiate it through interstellar messages. He says the bulk of individuals believe that intelligent life is widespread within the cosmos.e agrees that a discovery of something sort of a radio emission would end in arguments, in addition to a fading lack of interest thanks to time. “It could take decades or maybe many years for us to urge a response from a symbol we transfer. For those that are accustomed to instant communication, this may be frustrating,” Vakoch says.

Others think we’ll have a more dramatic experience. Susan Schneider, a professor of philosophy and scientific discipline at the University of Connecticut and a fellow of the middle for Theological Inquiry, believes that if we do find intelligent life, it'll possibly be within the sort of super-intelligent computer science. “For some people, this could be hard to simply accept. Discovering a civilization that's now not biological would be scary for us,” But Schneider is optimistic that almost all people will find the invention of benevolent intelligent life exciting. “People are excited by the unknown. and therefore the discovery of a brand new civilization may need many potential benefits. Perhaps a complicated civilization will share their knowledge with us,” Schneider says. The Catholic Church has come a protracted way since the times of Galileo. Pope Francis made headlines when he said he would baptize Martians. Many were surprised at the Pope’s remarks, but the Vatican has been positive about aliens for several years. Father Jose Gabriel Funes, a priest and an astronomer, views aliens as brothers and said the Church has no problem with the concept of intelligent life within the cosmos. Jesuit Brother Guy Consolmagno is that the first clergyman to win the Carl Sagan Medal and also the current president of the Vatican Observatory Foundation. in an exceedingly 2014 article within the Christian Post, Consolmagno said “the general public won't be too surprised when life on other planets is eventually discovered and can react in much the identical way it did when news broke within the ’90s that there are other planets orbiting distant stars.”

A similar view is held by Orthodox Jews. In an e-mail to me, Rabbi Ben Tzion Krasnianski, director of Chabad of the Upperside of Manhattan, wrote, “Jews believe other life forms. The universe is populated with an infinite amount of them. they're not physical, however, rather they're angels who are spiritually conscious beings that are beyond anything we could imagine. The Talmud says one angel’s mind is that the equivalent of a 3rd of the world’s population’s intelligence combined. For us, it’s no surprise that we aren't alone within the larger universe.”

Vakoch said people must detain mind that we are only at the start of exploration. “We have just started looking. it's only been some hundred years that we’ve been a technologically advanced society. That’s a really touch of your time in our universe.”

On Monday You'll Be Able to See The Full Moon Pass Through Earth's Shadow

 Skywatchers admiring November's phase of the moon also will get to determine another treat: a penumbral eclipse, when the Moon passes through Earth's outer shadow, on Monday, November 30, in line with NASA.

The Moon is at its fullest for less than a flash — on Monday, that happens at 4:30 am EST (9:30 UTC) — but the Moon will appear full for 3 days: from Saturday night through Tuesday morning (November 28 to December 1).  

Meanwhile, sky gazers have to remember thrice to catch the penumbral eclipse: It starts before the total moon at 2:32 am EST (7:32 UTC); reaches its maximum at 4:42 am EST (9:42 UTC) when 83 percent of the Moon are covered with Earth's faint shadow; and ends at 6:53 a.m. EST (11:53 UTC) Monday morning, consistent with timeanddate.com. 

Penumbral eclipses are different from total or partial eclipses. During a complete eclipse, Earth passes directly between the sun and moon, blocking the sun's light from reaching our natural satellite.

In contrast, during an eclipse, the Moon passes through a part of Earth's inner dark shadow, referred to as the umbra.

Finally, in an exceedingly penumbral eclipse, the Moon passes through a part of Earth's outer, fainter penumbral shadow, consistent with Space.com, a Live Science sister site. 

Unless you are a seasoned skywatcher, it should be challenging to determine November's penumbral eclipse, which is able to be visible in North America (as long as there aren't cloudy skies), because the penumbral shadow will appear as a dim veil.

"The dimming of the moon during this eclipse will probably not be noticeable without instrumentation, except for spacecraft at the moon like the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), the reduction in alternative energy are going to be noticeable," NASA wrote in an exceeding statement.

November's phase of the moon, known to several because the beaver moon, comes late within the month this year because October had two full moons; the second moon, years, was the primary time in 76 years that a phase of the moon was visible across the US on Halloween.

Other names for November's full-of-the-moon include the cold moon, frost moon, winter moon, oak moon, moon before Yule, and child moon.

The full moon will be celebrated during Kartik Purnima (a Hindu, Sikh, and Jain cultural festival, celebrated differently by each culture), Karthika Deepam (a festival of lights observed by some Hindus), Tazaungdaing Festival Moon (observed by Buddhists in Myanmar, formerly Burma), and Ill Poya (celebrated in Sri Lanka), NASA reported. 

The beaver moon is that the last phase of the moon before the solstice, the shortest day of sunlight within the hemisphere, which falls on December 21 this year.

Other celestial sightings to appear in late November and early December include "Jupiter and Saturn, [which] will appear to gradually shift closer to every other, appearing nearer than the apparent diameter of the Moon from December 17 to 25," NASA reported.

"They will appear at their closest, about one-fifth the diameter of the Moon, on December 21, 2020."

People with backyard telescopes should be able to see Jupiter's four bright moons: Ganymede, Callisto, Europa, and Io, and even Saturn's brightly illuminated rings and Titan, its largest moon.

"Seeing Jupiter and Saturn so near one another should appear spectacular by telescope and with the optic," NASA said.

To people who miss November's moon, they'll always decide to see the last full phase of the moon of 2020, which can illumine the night sky at 10:28 pm EST on December 29 (3:28 UTC on December 30).

Egypt Has Unearthed 160 Ancient Coffins Since September. Some Were Sealed With a 'Curse'

 Thousands of years ago, ancient Egyptians were laid to rest in Saqqara, an ancient city of the dead. Priests placed them inside wooden boxes adorned with hieroglyphics, and also the sarcophagi were sealed and buried in tombs scattered above and below the sand.

Archaeologists have discovered 160 human coffins at the positioning over the last three months, which they commit to disperse to museums around Egypt. They even opened some to look at the mummies inside.

According to experts, a number of the Saqqara tombs have colorful curses inscribed on the walls to warn away intruders.

Salima Ikram, an Egyptologist at the American University in Cairo, analyzed some animal mummies discovered at Saqqara last year.

She told Business Insider in an email that the inscribed warnings in human tombs mostly serve to discourage trespassers bent desecrating the mummies' resting places.

A coffin found in Saqqara in September. (Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities)

"They generally state that if the tomb is entered by an impure person (probably in body and/or intention), then may the council of the gods punish the trespasser, and wring his or her neck like that of a goose," she wrote.

'Fear of seeing ghosts'

The specific Saqqara curse Ikram quoted was found within the tomb of the vizier Ankhmahor, a pharaoh's official who lived over 4,000 years ago, during Egypt's 6th dynasty. He was buried in a very mastaba: an above-ground tomb shaped sort of a rectangular box. Similar mastabas were built everywhere in Egypt, including near the Giza pyramids.

The curse meant to safeguard Ankhmahor, roughly translated, warns that anything a trespasser "might do against this, my tomb, the identical shall be done to your property." It also warns of the vizier's knowledge of secret spells and magic, and threatens to fill "impure" intruders with a "fear of seeing ghosts."

Curses like that were meant to discourage grave robbers, Ikram said.

In the new Netflix documentary "Secrets of the Saqqara Tomb," she explains that tombs were seen as houses for the dead in their afterlife.

"You wanted to own a wonderful afterlife, so you had a wonderful tomb," she says within the film, adding that a personality's tomb would be "decorated with all types of scenes of the life they need to enjoy for eternity."

So trespassers caught trying to steal valuables buried with the dead were punished during a manner commensurate to their crime, Ikram said.

Punishment for violating a noble's tomb, meanwhile, could carry with it beatings, and potentially the removal of a robber's nose, Ikram added. they'd even be required to return the transferred property.

However, the writings on Ankhmahor's tomb welcome those of pure and peaceful intention, saying that he will protect them within the court of Osiris, Lord of the Egyptian Underworld. Ancient Egyptians believed that Osiris judges dead souls before they pass into the afterlife.

Similar curses appear in an exceedingly few other tombs across Egypt, Ikram said, "with the bulk being recorded from the Old Kingdom" - between 2575 and 2150 BCE.

Not the mummy's curse from movies

The writings found in tombs like Ankhmahor's bear little resemblance to the mummy's curses depicted in horror movies, which frequently show unwitting archaeologists get killed by the undead after opening burial chambers.

Still, some members of the general public weren't keen to determine archaeologists open coffins that had been sealed for quite two millennia.

But Ikram said there's little risk of being contaminated with, say, ancient microbes or fungi by handling the mummies.

"If people wear gloves and masks, it should be fine," she said.

The idea that mummy tombs could contain dangerous pathogens took off partially after archaeologist Egyptologist unearthed King Tutankhamen's tomb in 1922.

A member of Carter's expedition, its financial backer George Herbert died an odd, extra time six weeks after they opened King Tut's sepulture.

So some researchers wondered if the tomb had contained a sort of toxic mold that might have infected and killed him. This rekindled talk about a "mummy's curse," an idea writer Louisa May Alcott had explored 50 years earlier. But further research showed Herbert died of septicemia from an infected sting on his cheek.

Plus, the walls of King Tut's tomb were curse-free.

Carter never put any stock within the myth of a mummy's curse, dismissing it as "tommyrot." He lived to the age of 64, dying over 20 years after his fateful discovery.

No more dialysis, Scientists Have Developed A Bionic Kidney!

Many of them must expect years to urge a kidney transplant and live normally, with seemingly no other solution on the horizon. However, there’s finally a light-weight within the dark tunnel – scientists from the University of California at the port of entry, USA, have developed the world’s first bionic kidney which might replace damaged kidneys easily and effectively.

 The bionic kidney could be a perfect replica of our kidneys. It consists of diverse microchips and is moved by the center. just like the normal kidneys, it's able to filter waste and toxins from the bloodstream.

The project was unveiled by Willian Vanderbilt Fissels and Shuvo Roy from the University of California, offering renewed hope for scores of kidney dialysis patients. Now, a number of you'll be wondering “But, what if the body rejects it?”, but, the scientists assure us that the probabilities of rejection are zero! Incredible, right?

This is because the bionic kidney is formed from renal cells. the primary prototype is the size of a cup and might balance the amount of sodium and potassium within the body while regulating pressure level.

 The project is wonderful news for any dialysis patient. within the beginning (November 2015), the scientists received $6 million from the Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, and it’s safe to mention that the money was well spent.

 The scientists have high hopes for the bionic kidney, and therefore the lead researcher, Dr. Victor Gura, says that the device is going to be availably purchasable in just 2 years.

Hydroxychloroquine Hype Is Dangerous, Experts Warn

 Many different drugs found to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus within the lab are now being tested to determine if they're effective in humans. One, however, has attracted way more attention than all the remainder, leading some people to act in dangerous ways.

Hydroxychloroquine and therefore the closely related chloroquine are drugs known to be effective against malaria and lupus, but they also carry serious risks. Its potential against a variety of other diseases is under investigation, including as a promising candidate for Covid-19. After one small, flawed study created a buzz and reached President Trump, things began to get wrong.

Trump praised a mixture of hydroxychloroquine and also the antibiotic azithromycin in tweets and at press conferences. Initially, this led to some people buying all the hydroxychloroquine they may obtain to require themselves, resulting in a shortage for those with lupus.

Not only that but NPR reports that Dr. Robin Armstrong in Texas has started giving patients hydroxychloroquine in an unregistered trial. Worse still, there's considerable doubt about whether the patients involved gave consent. Dr. Armstrong admitted to not telling families he was giving the drug to their relatives when patients couldn't consent. Having played down the drug's risks in an interview with the Houston Chronicle, it seems unlikely those given the drug were alerted to the complete list of side-effects. NIH-registered trials require extensive paperwork precisely so everyone can see what patients are being told. By using his political contacts to form an “observational study”, Armstrong appears to possess avoided these.

Meanwhile, several trials of hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine are abandoned due to the intense side effects, including potentially fatal irregular heart rates. Other trials didn't find any benefits from the drug. Many physicians remain cautious about the drug.

"There is also a task for it for a few people,” Dr. Megan L. Ranney of the university told The the big apple Times, “but to inform Americans ‘you don’t have anything to lose,’ that’s not true. People certainly have something to lose by taking it indiscriminately.”

Meanwhile, anti-vaxxers are spreading the claim hydroxychloroquine is such a miracle cure that we do not need vaccines in the slightest degree. Ridiculous because the idea is, it's going to sound credible to those immersed within the hydroxychloroquine hype. it's indeed possible hydroxychloroquine, perhaps together with other drugs, will prove helpful for a few people, which is why several proper trials continue. However, its supporters, including Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro and Trump lawyer Rudy Giuliani, have gone beyond claiming it works to describing it as a silver-bullet, capable of saving everyone infected with the virus. We already know this can be not true.

Hydroxychloroquine is reportedly being widely employed in Italy and Spain, and it's not stopped the toll there, leading experts to conclude that if it works in the slightest degree the advantages are modest. In March, Dr Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and therefore the president's leading advisor on Covid-19 described the reported benefits of hyroxychloroquine as "anecdotal" and there aren't any signs his position has changed.

Gates Foundation Says We'll Need to Work Together to Vaccinate 7 Billion People

 The wealthy Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation called Wednesday for global cooperation to ready COVID-19 vaccines for 7 billion people, while offering an extra US$150 million toward developing therapeutics and coverings for the virus. While it's likely to require as many as 18 months to develop and fully test a secure coronavirus vaccine, global authorities and businesses must start now on plans to manufacture it, said foundation chief executive Mark Suzman.

"It's normal to own, at maximum, many a lot of doses manufactured," he said.

"When you're addressing a completely unique pathogen like COVID-19, as and after we get to identifying a successful vaccine, we are visiting need billions of doses."

"There are 7 billion people on the earth," he said. "We are visiting have to vaccinate nearly all. there's no manufacturing capacity to try to do that."

Suzman announced the muse, started and controlled by mega-billionaire Microsoft founder Bill Gates and his wife Melinda Gates, is adding US$150 million to the $100 million it announced in February to assist in international efforts to battle the coronavirus pandemic.

Much of the money is to support the event of COVID-19 diagnostic tests, therapeutic treatments, and vaccines, and to create them globally available, he said.

Some are additionally for helping the poorest countries in South Asia and the geographical area, which lack supplies, equipment, and infrastructure to counter the new epidemic.

But the muse has concentrated on preparing for the creation of a vaccine that might effectively halt the spread of coronavirus.

Some 100 potential vaccines are being developed and tested by scientists around the world, Suzman said.

Many might appear hopeful in initial, small tests, he said, but most will fail in larger trials.

"A successful vaccine must be available for 7 billion people. you wish to check if there are unexpected side effects, or side effects within cohorts or groups, whether it's pregnant women or the elderly or the very young," said Suzman.

"The overwhelming majority of vaccine candidates fail in those larger trials, the so-called phase-three trials."

Fastest vaccine ever

But while those trials happen, he said, there must be a world group of experts, countries, and corporations honing in on those with the foremost promise and preparing previous time to manufacture them.

He said both China and also us should be a part of the joint effort, yet because of the World Health Organization. On Tuesday, US President Donald Trump said he was setting apart US funds for the WHO.

"Clearly for us, the globe Health Organization could be a very strong, reliable partner," Suzman said, noting the Gates Foundation is WHO's second-largest source of funding after the US.

Earlier Wednesday, European Commissioner chief Ursula von der Leyen called a donors conference for May 4 to fund the creation and global deployment of a vaccine, calling it "our collective best shot at beating the virus."

Suzman said the Gates Foundation is "reasonably optimistic" that one or more successful vaccines may be proven within 12 to 18 months.

"This is the fastest vaccine ever developed in human history," he said.

Yet getting the assembly going, he estimated, will cost several billion dollars.

Each vaccine finally approved would require its own manufacturing process, and if people don't begin to arrange within months, lots of your time are lost, he warned.

"There is no return to 'normal' until there's a vaccine," Suzman said. "But there are not any dramatic ways to short-cut it."

The Direct Fusion Drive That Could Get Us to Saturn in Just 2 Years

  Experts say the proper reasonable system could carry spacecraft to Saturn in only two years. The direct fusion drive (DFD), an idea being developed by Princeton physical science Laboratory, would make extremely fast work of the nearly billion miles between Earth and Saturn.

Researchers there say the Princeton field reversed configuration-2 (PFRC-2) drive might be the key to feasible travel within our scheme.

The research team chose Saturn’s moon Titan as a perfect, well, moonshot. The #1 moon in our system encompasses plenty of scientific interest thanks to its surface liquids, and therefore the indisputable fact that they’re hydrocarbons means Titan could even become a refueling waystation in some far-future space transportation system.

Universe Today reports:

“[T]he engine itself exploits many of the benefits of aneutronic fusion, most notably a very high power-to-weight ratio,” an announcement reads. “The fuel for a DFD drive can vary slightly in mass and contains deuterium and a helium-3 isotope. Essentially, the DFD takes the superb specific impulse of electrical propulsion systems and combines it with the superb thrust of chemical rockets, for a mix that melds the most effective of both flight systems.”

In a way, this is often lots like how hybrid consumer vehicles are designed. There are times when electricity provides the simplest, most effective push, and there are times when fossil fuels are still the foremost logical choice.

The PPPL direct fusion drive is being studied in two modes: one where it thrusts the whole time, and another where, sort of a Prius, it thrusts to induce up to hurry at the start only. The trip to Titan changes from about 2 years to about 2.5 reckonings on the mode.

the reactor itself is comparatively small because even a bigger spacecraft for our current imagination is much smaller than family homes or businesses on the bottom.

“DFD employs a singular plasma heating to supply fusion engines within the range of 1 to 10 MW, ideal for human solar-system exploration, robotic solar-system missions, and interstellar missions,” PPPL researchers wrote in 2019.

The plasma inside is heated to performance temperatures by radio waves, and like other rocket engines broadly, the look is open on one end so as to come up with thrust as energy pushes out extremely rapidly.

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For now, this design, as Universe Today jokes about all of the fusion, is about 30 years away. That’s because the subsequent good window to jaunt Saturn’s satellites is in 2046, giving scientists at PPPL a concrete timeframe further as a particular goal to figure toward.

And their DFD design has another major advantage: it also can power the ship’s internal systems.

That means propulsion and steering likewise as life support and research aboard the ship will all run on the identical energy-efficient drive.

It will still be decades before anyone travels to the moons of Saturn. But after they do, the achievement are going to be . . . Titanic.

Woman's Breast Implant Saved Her Life by Deflecting a Bullet, Case Study Shows

  

In a remarkable study, researchers report what they are saying is that the first documented case in the medical literature of a silicone implant altering a bullet's trajectory and possibly saving a woman's life.

This horrific but ultimately non-fatal incident transpires in Ontario, Canada, and therefore the events of the evening are the topic of an ongoing investigation, with the shooter remaining unidentified, and therefore the firearm utilized in the episode never having been recovered.

What is certain, though, is that a 30-year-old woman with breast implants sustained severe chest trauma after being struck by a bullet publically at nighttime, with the projectile hitting her suddenly and abruptly.

"The patient-reported walking down [the] street and feeling heat and pain in her left chest, looking down and seeing blood," a probe team led by sawbones Giancarlo McEvenue explains in a very case note.

Right breast implant with damage from bullet trajectory. (McEvenue et al., Plastic Surgery Case Studies, 2020)

After being transferred to a trauma center, the lady was in a very stable condition, with no additional injuries aside from one entry wound within the upper part of her left breast.

Examination of the wound revealed thermal injury surrounding the hole on the left breast, suggesting close proximity to the discharging firearm, and a hard, bullet-like mass might be felt under the woman's skin on the opposite side of her body, lodged behind her right breast.

X-rays confirmed this mass was the bullet still inside the patient's body, within the right lateral thoracic wall, while also showing a fractured rib – clues to the bullet's trajectory through the body, the researchers say, entering the left breast and spending through to the proper thoracic wall, where it absolutely was eventually stopped.

CT scans revealed pulmonary contusion (damage to lung tissue) but no intrathoracic injury, although signs of debris and air indicated both breast implants had been struck by the bullet.

Bullet in right lateral thoracic wall on chest X-ray. (McEvenue et al., Plastic Surgery Case Studies, 2020)

The surgeons removed both damaged implants, and extracted the projectile, which was given to police, and identified as a copper-jacketed 0.40 caliber bullet.

After the successful operation, the woman's medical team used CT imaging in conjunction with the clinical evidence to reconstruct how the bullet tried and true the patient's body and her breast implants.

According to the researchers, the bullet was on track to pass directly through the chest wall and may need striking the woman's heart, had it not been for a deflection within the projectile's trajectory because of the presence of the left implant.

"Based on the trajectory of bullet entry clinically and evaluation radiologically, the sole source of bullet deflection of the bullet is that the left implant," the authors write.

"This implant overlies the center and intrathoracic cavity and so likely saved the women's life."

The researchers suggest deflection occurred within the implant likely at the purpose when the bullet pressed against and ultimately ruptured the implant's membrane.

While the hypothetical role of breast implants slowing down bullet velocity has been investigated before, the researchers say their patient's case is that the first showing multiple lines of evidence that suggest deflection can even occur.

"Our study adds to the current knowledge by using high-resolution CT technology to analyze bullet trajectory in an actual patient case," the authors write.

"This trajectory change could only are because of the bullet hitting the implant in our patient's case because the bullet didn't hit bone on the left side (as evidenced by lack of left-sided fracture and a bullet that retained enough energy to cause right-sided fractures)."

Although reported cases like this could be rare, the team found a minimum of two other cases in the medical literature where ruptured breast implants are thought to possess played a job in saving patients' lives after they were struck by bullets.

"The unfortunate story includes a happy ending in this the patient only suffered minor injuries and made a whole recovery," McEvenue says.

The findings are reported in Plastic Surgery Case Studies.

Massive Swarm of Eels Is The Most Fish Ever Recorded at The Bottom of The Ocean

 Before we start mining for precious metals within the darkness of the deep sea, we would try switching on the sunshine first and observing our surroundings.

In this seemingly isolated abyss, at deeper than 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) below water level, scientists were able to coax an enormous swarm of 115 cutthroat eels (Ilyophis arx) out of the shadows and into the sunshine, and with only a comparatively small package of bait.

The footage represents the best number of deep-sea fish ever recorded at only once within the abyssal ocean, and it had been shot right near a world mining hotspot.

"Our observations truly surprised us," says biological oceanographer Astrid Leitner, who worked on the research at the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa. 

"We had never seen reports of such high numbers of fishes within the sparsely-populated, food-limited deep-sea."

The Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) may be a massive expanse of seafloor that runs from Hawaii nearly to Mexico, and it contains a number of the rarest and most highly demanded metals and elements on our planet. 

Over the years, it's drawn increasing interest from the mining industry, which sees this new region as some way to chop down on human labour and therefore the destruction of precious land.

Sixteen contracts have already been issued for deep-sea mining in additional than 1 million square kilometers of this zone, and yet only a small portion of deep abyssal habitats are sampled, explored, or perhaps mapped by scientists.

It's decisions like this that have some scientists and environmentalists warning of a deep-sea "gold rush" that would cause unforeseen damage to ecosystems we all know little about.

The abyssal plains that blanket the underside of our oceans represent 70 per cent of our planet's seafloor and are considered the most important ecosystem on Earth. 

But while these depths are generally thought to contain sparse life, with particularly few fish, that generalisation won't apply to all or any the underwater mountain ranges – called seamounts – that border these valleys, emerging from the encompassing abyssal plain. 

Recent expeditions among submerged seamounts within the Galapagos and off the coast of Tasmania have revealed an unexpected abundance of life forms, many of which we've never seen before, and a few waver these submerged summits that are still deep enough to be considered 'abyssal'. 

To figure out what's down there before we start unearthing sediment and spreading plumes of fabric kilometres away, an expedition of ocean scientists taken off for 3 underwater seamounts within the CCZ and their surrounding plains.

All three of the summits analysed are in locations currently protected against mining activities, but they were chosen because they resemble nearby areas where industry operations have gotten able to tether their vehicles.

Deploying a remotely operated vehicle to every one of those mountains, researchers dropped a kilo of mackerel (around 2 lbs) before of a camera, filming two minutes on, eight minutes off, to provide the fish with a possibility from the sunshine.

The bait itself was purported to mimic a natural food fall, within which a whale or shark carcass drifts to the seafloor and brings together life at the underside.

On all three summits, scientists recorded large swarms of eels coming to feed, although none appeared on the deeper plains below, which sat roughly 1000 metres deeper.

Catching a number of the animals in traps, the team confirmed these were scavenging cutthroat eels, a little-known species with fewer than 10 specimens in captivity worldwide.

Combing through the present literature, the authors couldn't find the other study below 1,000 metres that turned up that number of fish per kilo of bait. Even larger food falls drew a smaller crowd.

Prior to this discovery, for example, a 29-kilogram shark carcass at a depth of 4,400 meters (14,435 ft) only drew in 68 deep-sea zoarcid fish.

It's hard to extrapolate from these brief encounters, but if the sheer number of eels observed during this study says anything about local abundance, then the density of life at these depths might be an order of magnitude more than even our highest predictions so far.

The problem is, fish at these depths are incredibly sensitive to the presence of ROVs, not simply because of their light and noise, but also due to the changes in pressure and electricity that ripple out from them within the water.

The current study tries to limit those influences by turning off the camera and light-weight every so often, but at the identical time, this also means researchers probably undercounted what number fish actually came to feed. 

"Thus," the authors write, "the number of eels observed during this study at abyssal depths is really unprecedented for both abyssal and bathyal depths." 

Whether these eels are just visiting the underwater summit or are permanent residents remains unclear, but this sort of eel has only ever been sampled on similar underwater ridges, suggesting they may be seamount feeding specialists.

It's doubtful that each one abyssal seamount will host similarly large populations of fish. Even within the current study, the northernmost summit had fewer feeders.

But if there are other summits out there with equally abundant kinds of life, scientists are worried what is going to happen to them within the future if suddenly their homes are swarmed with loud vehicles and also the water becomes thick with sediment.

"If this phenomenon isn't just isolated to those two seamounts within the CCZ, the implications on deep-sea ecology may be widespread," says Leitner, who now works at the bay Aquarium Research Institute.

"Our findings highlight what proportion there's still left to get within the deep sea, and the way much we all might lose if we don't manage to mine appropriately."

Grisly Beach Discovery Reveals Broken 'Sword' That Slayed an Unlucky Shark

 When a dead Alopius vulpinus washed up onshore, it had been obvious what had killed it - a swordfish had stabbed it from behind and left an oversized hunk of its "sword" embedded within the beast, a brand new study finds.

No one saw the particular attack, so it's unclear why the swordfish jabbed the shark. But the 2 ocean predators may are competing for prey, the researchers said.

"The possible scenario is that both species were hunting on a faculty of fish or on squids within the deep," said study lead researcher Patrick Jambura, a doctoral student within the Department of Paleontology at the University of Vienna. 

(The Ichthyological Society of Japan 2020)

It's also possible the 2 ocean predators were fighting over territory, or that the swordfish accidentally stabbed the thrasher and left nearly 12 inches (30.1 centimeters) of its "sword" within the victim, he said.

News of the fight's deadly aftermath spread when the shark's body washed abreast of the Mediterranean coast of Libya, near the town of Brega in April 2020. an area citizen scientist group learned about photos and video taken of the 14.5-foot-long (4.5 meters) dead shark.

After seeing the evidence, Jambura told Live Science "I was just stunned for some moments".

Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) are known to defend themselves against blue sharks (Prionace glauca) and mako sharks (Isurus oxyrinchus), as these sharks take advantage of swordfish. 

Swordfish have also been reported attacking whales, sea turtles, inanimate objects, including boats and submarines, and even humans, Jambura and his colleagues wrote within the study.

In 2015, "a diver was killed in Hawaii when he speared a tiny low swordfish that had wandered into a marina," said Yannis Papastamatiou, a marine biologist at Florida International University, who wasn't involved in the study. "It speared him through the chest."

But thresher sharks (Alopias superciliosus) eat small fish "and wouldn't be a threat" to swordfish, Jambura said.

Whatever the reason for the stabbing, "we know that the swordfish attacked from above - the shark was presumably not even alert to the danger [it] was in until it absolutely was too late," Jambura said.

(The Ichthyological Society of Japan 2020)

It appears that the roughly 10-foot-long (3.1 m) swordfish stabbed the shark just behind the top, leaving a cut 2 inches (5 centimeters) deep and three inches (8 cm) wide where it pierced the shark's gill system.

Because nobody performed a necropsy (an animal autopsy), there aren't any thanks to knowing whether that caused deep internal damage, "but from the angle and therefore the depth of penetration, it's safe to mention that the gill region was heavily damaged, possibly also some important arteries," Jambura said.

While this is often the primary reported case of a swordfish killing an Alopius vulpinus, scientists do not know how often this happens within the water's depths.

"We rarely see evidence of those outcomes: Sharks are negatively buoyant and can sink after they die," Papastamatiou told Live Science in an email. "Unless they destroy on the beach like here (which is rare, most will sink into the deep sea), then we can't find evidence of the interaction."

The swordfish left the altercation physically damaged, but that does not mean the fish died; there are known cases of billfish (a close relative of the swordfish) that have damaged, malformed, or maybe missing rostra (or its pointy "sword") that "were apparently still in good physical shape," the researchers wrote within the study. Perhaps the assailant survived.

Artificial Intelligence Is Now Smart Enough to Know When It Can't Be Trusted

 How might The Terminator have played out if Skynet had decided it probably wasn't responsible enough to carry the keys to the complete US nuclear arsenal? because it seems, scientists could have saved us from such a future AI-led apocalypse, by creating neural networks that know when they're untrustworthy.

These deep learning neural networks are designed to mimic the human brain by weighing up a large number of things in balance with one another, spotting patterns in masses of knowledge that humans haven't got the capacity to analyze.

While Skynet might still be how off, AI is already making decisions in fields that affect human lives like autonomous driving and diagnosing, which means it is important that they are as accurate as possible. to assist towards this goal, this newly created neural network system can generate its confidence level moreover as its predictions.

"We need the flexibility to not only have high-performance models but also to know after we cannot trust those models," says scientist Alexander Amini from the MIT technology and computing Laboratory (CSAIL).

This self-awareness of trustworthiness has been given the name Deep Evidential Regression, and it bases its scoring on the standard of the available data it's to figure with – the more accurate and comprehensive the training data, the more likely it's that future predictions are visiting figure out.

The research team compares it to a self-driving car having different levels of certainty about whether to proceed through a junction or whether to attend, just just in case, if the neural network is a smaller amount confident in its predictions. the boldness rating even includes tips for getting the rating higher (by tweaking the network or the computer file, for instance).

While similar safeguards are built into neural networks before, what sets this one apart is that the speed at which it works, without excessive computing demands – it are often completed in one run through the network, instead of several, with a confidence level outputted at the identical time as a call.

"This idea is vital and applicable broadly," says the man of science Daniela Rus. "It will be wont to assess products that depend upon learned models. By estimating the uncertainty of a learned model, we also learn the way much error to expect from the model, and what missing data could improve the model."

The researchers tested their new system by getting it to gauge depths in several parts of a picture, very like a self-driving car might judge distance. The network compared well to existing setups, while also estimating its own uncertainty – the days it had been least certain were indeed the days it got the depths wrong.

As an additional bonus, the network was able to flag up times when it encountered images outside of its usual remit (so very different to the info it had been trained on) – which is a very medical situation could mean getting a doctor to require a review.

Even if a neural network is true 99 percent of the time, that missing 1 percent can have serious consequences, looking at the scenario. The researchers say they're confident that their new, streamlined trust test can help improve safety in real-time, although the work has not yet been peer-reviewed.

"We're beginning to see plenty more of those [neural network] models trickle out of the science lab and into the important world, into situations that are touching humans with potentially life-threatening consequences," says Amini.

"Any user of the tactic, whether it is a doctor or an individual within the passenger seat of a vehicle, must bear in mind of any risk or uncertainty related to that call."

Teaching Rats To Drive Tiny Cars Helps Them Relax, Scientists Discover

 A bunch of rats has learned the way to drive tiny vehicles around to choose up food. How did this unlikely scenario come around, you're little question asking? Well, for a surprisingly interesting reason, actually. 

Researchers from the University of Richmond in Virginia used the vehicle-driving rodents to indicate that an enriched environment can improve cognitive function and help sharpen the power to find out complex tasks. They also demonstrated that the mastery of an advanced skill can reduce levels of stress and help the rodents sit back. 

“The findings that the animals housed in an exceedingly complex environment had more efficient learning within the driving task confirms that the brain could be a plastic organ that's molded by our experiences to some extent,” Dr. Kelly Lambert, study author and professor of Behavioral Neuroscience at the University of Richmond, told IFLScience.

“I tell my students that they're in control of what they are doing with their brains a day of their lives – tougher and enriching lifestyles cause more complex neural networks.”  

As reported within the journal Behavioural Brain Research, the rats were presented with a rodent operated vehicle (ROV) consisting of a plastic jar on electric-powered wheels that they may move forward or steer sideways by touching a copper bar. Understandably, this can be a fairly complex task for a rodent to find out, requiring all manner of cognitive, motor, and visuospatial skills they wouldn’t usually employ together. Nevertheless, after some practice, they were able to successfully navigate around a narrow arena towards a tasty reward, a brilliant sugary Froot Loop cereal. 

Volume 21%

Out of the 11 rats tested, six were housed in standard laboratory cages, while the remaining five got the luxurious of an “enriched environment,” including different toys, and closely resembled their natural habitat.

As hypothesized, the animals living within the enriched environment performed better at the driving test, indicating that they did a more robust job at learning a brand new complex skill. The enriched rats also maintained a powerful interest within the car, even after the reward of food was removed. 

On the opposite hand, the researchers were surprised at the dearth of interest shown by the non-enriched rats and their level of underachievement shown within the driving task. 

The rats' poop was also tested for levels of two hormones, corticosterone, which may be a marker of stress, and dehydroepiandrosterone, which helps control stress. All of the rats' feces showed increasing dehydroepiandrosterone and decreasing corticosterone as their driving training continued. This suggested that each one of the animals within the study, no matter the housing group, lessen stressed after they'd mastered the complex skill. 

Obviously, this study was disbursed on rodents, so we should always watch out to not jump to any conclusions. However, the study could hold some interesting implications when it involves animals' environment and their psychological state.

“It reminds us that we will use challenging tasks with preclinical animal work to find out more about human challenging behavior and cognitive systems,” Lambert added. “We also see that the rats had healthier stress hormone profiles with driving training. we predict this learning task and operating the ROV could also be an animal model for agency or self-efficacy – two elements that are critical for psychological state.”

NASA accidentally films the BEST UFO sightings yet (VIDEO)

 

In the movie, a mysterious object - with a peculiar disc-shaped design - seems to move from 

the Earth's atmosphere causing a huge debate on social networks. What it was? Alien vehicle?

Space debris? Optical illusion or simply Swamp Gas? Some are convinced that it is the 

latest evidence that Earth is being visited by alien beings, while others remain skeptical 

and still not convinced.



Ever since the movie was uploaded to YouTube, it has generated controversy both among those 

who support the idea that it could be an extraterrestrial object, and between those who are 

completely skeptical about the subject, and as a joke they suggest that "the UFOs that they 

are planning to enter our airspace should be registered and pay taxes. "



The truth is that on many occasions only fragments of video are released in which these 

mysterious objects are visible.

However, the fact that NASA interrupts its live feed broadcasts is what raises most 

suspicions among those who are eager to find new evidence for the existence of alien life, 

UFOs and how we are all part of a massive conspiracy.

A user wrote on YouTube:

"The question is not" is it an alien spaceship? "But really" Why didn't NASA cut or blur 

this video like they always do with other strange places? "

According to many people, in today's era, it is no longer a question of whether UFOs are 

real. Indeed, if we look back into the past, we will see numerous fascinating statements 

made by ex astronauts, military officers and scientists about Alien about the life and 

existence of UFOs.

NASA Has Released Awesome Footage That Has Revolutionized Our Understanding Of Mars

 

NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory shared some surprising new footage of their latest flights 

over Mars. Some recent flybys have revealed new avalanche images that are forming on Mars. 

These flybys have helped scientists develop new and more accurate theories of the sea and 

its past. Learn more about this in the video below: